introduction
Since entering the new century, China's urban construction area of growth accelerated markedly, 2000 to 2010 area increased 2 times. The average annual increase 13.3 million m2, the growth rate of 11.3%, considerably faster growth in the 1990s, the "Eleventh Five Year" period, China construction area of cumulative growth 85 million m2, to the end of 2010 is building a total area of 45.3 billion m2[1]. And in 2010 of China's total energy consumption for 32.49 million tce[2], the total energy consumption of the building (does not include biomass) was 6.77 million TCE, accounted for 20.9% of the country's total energy consumption. Building energy consumption and total biomass 816 million tce.
Energy consumption of urban and rural construction Chinese accounted for about China total commercial energy 20.9%. From the construction of the entire life cycle, energy consumption accounted for 60%. The highest energy consumption per unit area is a public building, the strength of its energy consumption is about 2-3 times of residential, city landmark building more energy. A lot of ordinary public buildings except for heating power consumption intensity in 50-70kw - H (M2 - a) and less part of the large public buildings energy consumption intensity is within the range of 80-120kw - H (M2 - a). Chinese now has most of the buildings are high energy consumption, only in recent years some of the new buildings to meet the national standards in recent years. The new building energy efficiency standards is cities and towns in northern region and the hot summer and cold winter region residential building was 65% and other building energy-saving 50%. Due to the development of building energy-saving in our country is slow, the relative to developed countries in Europe and the United States are less mature, in our country is not yet mature energy-efficient construction industry, can only choose to absorb the developed countries in building energy-saving aspects of the experience, combined with the actual situation of our country formulate standards.
1 foreign building energy development experience
1.1 new building energy efficiency
Foreign experience shows that the energy conservation laws, rules, regulations and mandatory standards is to carry out building energy-saving basis, through national legislation and promulgated relevant laws and regulations to determine the legal status of the new building energy efficiency standards is an important premise to guarantee the successful implementation of this system. Developed countries with the development of its own to develop and implement a series of energy-saving laws and regulations, the enforcement of energy-saving standards as promotion and effective way to the development of new buildings energy-saving, China's building energy efficiency in the stage, has become more and more perfect. The best is the United States and the European union.
The United States from the 70s of the 20th century began on successively promulgated a series of laws and regulations: 1975 promulgated the energy policy and Conservation Act ", enacted the national energy policy act of 1992, 2005 President Bush signed the 2005 energy policy act. The laws and regulations of the protection of building energy saving. In addition to the United States Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has also developed a "energy-saving design standards" new buildings except low rise residential buildings and the "new low rise residential building energy efficiency design standard" [3]. These standards have achieved good results, laid the foundation for the United States government to develop more stringent energy efficiency standards, which are developed in several U.S. economy is much stricter than the international standard. According to our own national conditions, the eastern developed provinces can refer to national standard set more stringent standards, is conducive to the development of the energy industry, the walk in the forefront of Jiangsu Province has been developed in line with Standard Specification for the province's actual situation.
The new building energy efficiency is an important foundation to establish and perfect the system and mechanism of building energy-saving management. All countries in the world have a government agency management of building energy conservation work, but its setting authority varies, setting and authority in the construction of China's energy management mechanism is not clear. In order to establish a government institution, we should learn from the experience of the western developed countries, which do well is the United States and japan.
Energy management agencies in the United States is divided into governmental and non governmental organizations. Government agencies are divided into two levels of national and local. The United States Department of energy is the most important government agencies, is responsible for the formulation and implementation of energy policy. Energy-saving state departments responsible for the implementation of the national policy of the state. Non government institutions play a role and the State Department of communication market.
The core of new building energy efficiency is to strengthen the process of supervision and management. The EU has done in building energy conservation supervision is to formulate the laws and regulations and strengthen the organization, improve the management system. The implementation of the "Russian passport energy plan in 1994". In the architectural design, construction, completion and acceptance of the key links in the recording project implementation of energy-saving standards, only to meet the standards for construction projects in order to get the government documents, and the purchase of housing users can hold the "passport" to the government for heat price concessions. This is also a kind of user in the incentive policy, effectively regulate and develop the energy market. Our country in this respect almost no contribution, even if there is only half a loaf is better than no bread supervision and in China as long as launched the project rarely because they do not meet standards for energy-saving were ordered rectification and downtime.
Building energy consumption evaluation and labeling system is the technical basis, only to the new building and the ultimate energy-saving performance test to determine whether it meets the relevant energy efficiency standards, to issue the energy efficiency assessment signs, in order to ensure that entered the market of buildings to achieve energy-saving technical standards. The world's more successful energy efficiency identification American "Energy Star", Germany's "building energy consumption certificate". In our country in 2006 before the promulgation of "green building evaluation standard", the standard of green building will be divided into a star, two star, Samsung class. Since then, also issued a series of policy measures, the system energy efficiency identification to 2009 China was established. The marking system is still